Children’s Understanding of Mental States as Causes of Emotions

Theory of mind studies of emotion usually focus on children’s ability to predict other people’s feelings. This study examined children’s spontaneous references to mental states in explaining others’ emotions. Children (4-, 6and 10-year-olds, n1⁄4122) were told stories and asked to explain both typical and atypical emotional reactions of characters. Because atypical emotional reactions are unexpected, we hypothesized that children would be more likely to refer to mental states, such as desires and beliefs, in explaining them than when explaining typical emotions. From the development of lay theories of emotion, derived the prediction that older children would refer more often to mental states than younger children. The developmental shift from a desire-psychology to a belief-psychology led to the expectation that references to desires would increase at an earlier age than references to beliefs. Our findings confirmed these expectations only partly, because the nature of the emotion (happiness, anger, sadness or fear) interacted with these factors. Whereas anger, happiness and sadness mainly evoked desire references, fear evoked more belief references, even in 4-yearolds. The fact that other factors besides age can also play an influential role in children’s mental state reasoning is discussed. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.